getting started with the Volhard

The Volhard Puppy Aptitude Test (PAT) was created by Joachim and Wendy Volhard in 1979 as a way to test behavioral tendencies and predict what a puppy will be like as an adult. It is also commonly called a “Puppy Temperament Test” or “Puppy Personality Test.”

The test is relatively simple, but amazingly accurate in predicting inherited behavioral tendencies and how the puppy will turn out as an adult. Here at Paragon Boerboels, we find it to be a powerful tool in our breeding program, and use it to assess all of our litters and puppies at seven weeks of age. More specifically, the test allows us to better match puppies with the right homes, and optimize the outcomes for everyone.

The following blog post publishes the full explanation of the Volhard PAT, provided almost in its entirety from the source for the test, with only minor modifications for grammar and as it may differ for our context with Boerboels. For a more exhaustive discussion of Volhard testing with Boerboel puppies, see our separate blog post, which includes video examples, score ranges, and other considerations that we feel are essential when evaluating Boerboel puppies.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT PUPPY FOR THE RIGHT HOME

Getting a dog or puppy on impulse is rarely a good idea. Remember that dogs, like cars, were designed for a particular function. You need to decide what you want: a Corvette or a Suburban, a Fox Terrier or a Newfoundland.

When the various breeds were originally developed, there was a greater emphasis on the ability to do a job (such as herding, guarding, hunting, drafting, etc.) than appearance. If a particular breed interests you, find out first what the dog was bred to do. There are so many different breeds to choose, and if there is a secret to getting the “perfect puppy”, it lies in doing your homework.

DECIDING WHAT KIND OF DOG TO GET

The well trained dog begins with some idea of what role the dog is expected to play in your life, and then selecting a dog that is suitable for the job. The following are reasons for selecting a dog:

Companionship;
Playmate for the kids;
Protection;
A special activity, such as hunting, herding, breeding, showing in conformation, or competing in performance events;
Status symbol (not wise); or
A combination of the above.

Some dogs are able to fill all of these expectations, while others have more limited talents.

Getting a dog for a status symbol usually means one of the guarding or rarer breeds, and often these represent some special challenges. If you want a rare breed, first find out why it is such a rare breed, and if there are any potential drawbacks.

Conversely, one of the most popular dogs and number one in AKC (American Kennel Club) registrations is the Labrador Retriever. The reason is simple; it is a good multipurpose dog that can serve as a companion and playmate for the kids, is naturally protective, generally enjoys good health, makes a good guide dog, and with little time and effort can be transformed into a well trained dog.

You also need to take into account your own life style and circumstances. For most of us this means a dog that can satisfy ou need for companionship, is easily trained, and doesn’t require a lot of upkeep.

KEEPING UP APPEARANCES

Everyone has his or her own preference and there is an enormous selection of choices, from the four-pound Yorkshire Terrier to the 200-pound Mastiff. Many dogs come in different sizes, such as Poodles or Schnauzers. Other breeds have a smaller version that is similar in appearance, such as Collies and Shelties, or Dobermans and Miniature Pinschers, German Shepherds and Corgis, or Greyhounds and Whippets.

NOTE: Poodles and Terriers do not shed but have to be groomed regularly. Unless you are willing to spend the time and effort learning how to do it yourself, this means periodic visits to a professional groomer, an expensive proposition.

Breeds with long hair require more upkeep than those with short hair. It is pretty obvious when you think about it, but often completely overlooked when selecting a puppy or dog. Some breeds, like Briards, Poodles, Wirehaired Dachshunds, and Terriers don’t shed, a most desirable feature. On the other hand, unless you are willing to learn how to groom your dog, it means regular visits to the grooming parlor, visits that are not cheap.

Some breeds, such as terriers and some of the herding dogs, bark a lot more than others. If you live in an apartment such a dog would not be a good choice.

NOTE: Why do the breed standard for many dogs sound so similar when describing the dog’s temperament? Because so many of them were written by the same man. In 1874, J.H. Walsh, under the pen name of Stonehenge, published “The Dog: Its Varieties and Management in Health,” the first major effort to describe the more than 60 breeds recognized at that time.

THE TIME FACTOR

In selecting a dog or puppy be aware of the time factor. How much exercise does this particular breed require and are you in a position to give it to your dog? Some breeds require less exercise than others, but many require 2 daily 20-minute walks, at a minimum, and some, such as the Sporting breeds, much more. Just letting the dog out in a backyard is not sufficient.

In the selection process you need to remind yourself continuously that your dog is going to be with you anywhere from 8 to 16 years. And, the older he or she gets, the more important regular exercise becomes.

How much time do you have available to devote to training that cute little bundle of fur? If you have little or no more that 10 to 15 minutes a day, then you need to select a breed that is easily trained and doesn’t require much exercise.

WHAT do you want in a dog?

If you find yourself reading this article on this website, you probably want a Boerboel. But this article, like so much of the other information curated on our website, is offered to provoke deep consideration about whether a Boerboel is the right dog for you.

The Volhard PAT offers the following reading resources and ideas to help prospective dog owners gather more information about breeds to match their needs with the right dog breed. We feel these are sound suggestions. However, as it pertains to Boerboels, resources are scant. There are no books on Boerboels, and it is rare to see one at an AKC show, which for us as preservation breeders has been part of the motivation to document as much about the breed as we can on this website.

For learning more about other breeds, the following resources may be helpful:

The Complete Dog Book by the American Kennel Club
Describes the breed standards for the different breeds recognized by that organization.
Roger Caras Dog Book: A Complete Guide to Every AKC Breed
Dorset Press, 1992
Paws to Consider: Choosing the Right Dog for You and Your Family
Brian Kilcommons and Sarah Wilson, Grand Central Publishing, 1999

Another wealth of information can be found at dog shows, where you can see a large variety of breeds and talk to their owners and breeders. But remember, they are obviously and naturally biased.

WHAT IS PUPPY TESTING?

Some of the tests used in the Volhard test were developed as long ago as the l930’s for dogs bred to become Guide Dogs. Then in the 1950’s, studies on puppies were done to determine how quickly they learned. These studies were actually done to identify children’s learning stages.

NOTE: The ideal age to test the puppy is at 49 days of age when the puppy is neurologically complete and it has the brain of an adult dog. With each passing day after the 49th day the responses will be tainted by prior learning.

Later on in the early 60’s more tests were developed to determine if pups could be tested for dominance and submission. These tests determined that it was indeed possible to predict future behavioral traits of adult dogs by testing puppies at 49 days of age. Testing before or after that age affected the accuracy of the test, depending on the time before or after the 49th day.

We took these tests, added some of our own, and put together what is now known as the Volhard Puppy Aptitude Test, or “PAT.” The PAT uses a scoring system from 1 to 6 and consists of ten tests. The tests are done consecutively and in the order listed. Each test is scored separately, and interpreted on its own merits. The scores are not averaged, and there are no winners or losers. The entire purpose is to select the right puppy for the right home.

The tests are as follows:

Social Attraction
Degree of social attraction to people, confidence, or dependence.
Following
Willingness to follow a person.
Restraint
Degree of dominant or submissive tendency, and ease of handling in difficult situations.
Social Dominance
Degree of acceptance of social dominance by a person.
Elevation
Degree of accepting dominance while in a position of no control, such as at the veterinarian or groomer.
Retrieving
Degree of willingness to do something for you. Together with Social Attraction and Following a key indicator for ease or difficulty in training.
Touch Sensitivity
Degree of sensitivity to touch and a key indicator to the type of training equipment required.
Sound Sensitivity
Degree of sensitivity to sound, such as loud noises or thunderstorms.
Sight Sensitivity
Degree of response to a moving object, such as chasing bicycles, children, or squirrels.
Stability
Degree of startle response to a strange object.

During the testing, make a note of the heart rate of the pup, which is n indication of how it deals with stress, as well as its energy level. Puppies come with high, medium, or low energy levels. You have to decide for yourself, which suits your life style. Dogs with high energy levels need a great deal of exercise, and will get into mischief if this energy is not channeled into the right direction.

Finally, look at the overall structure of the puppy. You see what you get at 49 days age. If the pup has strong and straight front and back legs, with all four feet pointing in the same direction, it will grow up that way, provided you give it the proper diet and environment in which to grow. If you notice something out of the ordinary at this age, it will stay with puppy for the rest of its life. He will not grow out of it.

HOW TO TEST

Here are the ground rules for performing the test:

The testing is done in a location unfamiliar to the puppies. This does not mean they have to taken away from home. A 10-foot square area is perfectly adequate, such as a room in the house where the puppies have not been.
The puppies are tested one at a time.
There are no other dogs or people, except the scorer and the tester, in the testing area
The puppies do not know the tester.
The scorer is a disinterested third party and not the person interested in selling you a puppy.
The scorer is unobtrusive and positions him or herself so he or she can observe the puppies’ responses without having to move.
The puppies are tested before they are fed.
The puppies are tested when they are at their liveliest.
Do not try to test a puppy that is not feeling well.
Puppies should not be tested the day of or the day after being vaccinated.
Only the first response counts!

NOTE: During the test, watch the puppy’s tail. It will make a difference in the scoring whether the tail is up or down.

The tests are simple to perform and anyone with some common sense can do them. You can, however, elicit the help of someone who has tested puppies before and knows what they are doing.

Social attraction
The owner or caretaker of the puppies places it in the test area about four feet from the tester and then leaves the test area. The tester kneels down and coaxes the puppy to come to him or her by encouragingly and gently clapping hands and calling. The tester must coax the puppy in the opposite direction from where it entered the test area. Hint: Lean backward, sitting on your heels instead of leaning forward toward the puppy. Keep your hands close to your body encouraging the puppy to come to you instead of trying to reach for the puppy.
Following
The tester stands up and slowly walks away encouraging the puppy to follow. Hint: Make sure the puppy sees you walk away and get the puppy to focus on you by lightly clapping your hands and using verbal encouragement to get the puppy to follow you. Do not lean over the puppy.
Restraint
The tester crouches down and gently rolls the puppy on its back and holds it on its back for 30 seconds. Hint: Hold the puppy down without applying too much pressure. The object is not to keep it on its back but to test its response to being placed in that position.
Social Dominance
Let the puppy stand up or sit and gently stroke it from the head to the back while you crouch beside it. See if it will lick your face, an indication of a forgiving nature. Continue stroking until you see a behavior you can score. Hint: When you crouch next to the puppy avoid leaning or hovering over the puppy. Have the puppy at your side with both of you facing in the same direction.
NOTE: During testing maintain a positive, upbeat, and friendly attitude toward the puppies. Try to get each puppy to interact with you to bring out the best in him or her. Make the test a pleasant experience for the puppy.
Elevation Dominance
The tester cradles the puppy with both hands, supporting the puppy under its chest and gently lifts it two feet off the ground and holds it there for 30 seconds.
Retrieving
The tester crouches beside the puppy and attracts its attention with a crumpled up piece of paper. When the puppy shows some interest, the tester throws the paper no more than four feet in front of the puppy encouraging it to retrieve the paper.
Touch Sensitivity
The tester locates the webbing of one the puppy’s front paws and presses it lightly between his index finger and thumb. The tester gradually increases pressure while counting to ten and stops when the puppy pulls away or shows signs of discomfort.
Sound Sensitivity
The puppy is placed in the center of the testing area and an assistant stationed at the perimeter makes a sharp noise, such as banging a metal spoon on the bottom of a metal pan.
Sight Sensitivity
The puppy is placed in the center of the testing area. The tester ties a string around a bath towel and jerks it across the floor, two feet away from the puppy.
Stability
An umbrella is opened about five feet from the puppy and gently placed on the ground.

SCORING THE RESULTS

The following are the responses you will see and the score assigned to each particular response. You will see some variations and will have to make a judgment on what score to give them.

SOCIAL ATTRACTION

1 - Came readily, tail up, jumped, bit at hands

2 - Came readily, tail up, pawed, licked at hands

3 - Came readily, tail up

4 - Came readily, tail down

5 - Came hesitantly, tail down

6 - Didn’t come at all

FOLLOWING

1 - Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot, bit at feet 1

2 - Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot 2

3 - Followed readily, tail up 3

4 - Followed readily, tail down 4

5 - Followed hesitantly, tail down 5

6 - Did not follow or went away 6

RESTRAINT

1 - Struggled fiercely, flailed, bit 1

2 - Struggled fiercely, flailed 2

3 - Settled, struggled, settled with some eye contact 3

4 - Struggled, then settled 4

5 - No struggle 5

6 - No struggle, strained to avoid eye contact 6

SOCIAL DOMINANCE

1 - Jumped, pawed, bit, growled 1

2 - Jumped, pawed 2

3 - Cuddled up to tester and tried to lick face 3

4 - Squirmed, licked at hands 4

5 - Rolled over, licked at hands 5

6 - Went away and stayed away 6

ELEVATION DOMINANCE

1 - Struggled fiercely, tried to bite 1

2 - Struggled fiercely 2

3 - Struggled, settled, struggled, settled 3

4 - No struggle, relaxed 4

5 - No struggle, body stiff 5

6 - No struggle, froze 6

RETRIEVING

1 - Chased object, picked it up and ran away 1

2 - Chased object, stood over it and did not return 2

3 - Chased object, picked it up and returned with it to tester 3

4 - Chased object and returned without it to tester 4

5 - Started to chase object, lost interest 5

6 - Does not chase object 6

TOUCH SENSITIVITY

1 - 8-10 count before response 1

2 - 6-8 count before response 2

3 - 5-6 count before response 3

4 - 3-5 count before response 4

5 - 2-3 count before response 5

6 - 1-2 count before response 6

SOUND SENSITIVITY

1 - Listened, located sound and ran toward it barking 1

2 - Listened, located sound and walked slowly toward it 2

3 - Listened, located sound and showed curiosity 3

4 - Listened and located sound 4

5 - Cringed, backed off and hid behind tester 5

6 - Ignored sound and showed no curiosity 6

SIGHT SENSITIVITY

1 - Looked, attacked and bit object 1

2 - Looked and put feet on object and put mouth on it 2

3 - Looked with curiosity and attempted to investigate, tail up 3

4 - Looked with curiosity, tail down 4

5 - Ran away or hid behind tester 5

6 - Hid behind tester 6

STABILITY

1 - Looked and ran to the umbrella, mouthing or biting it 1

2 - Looked and walked to the umbrella, smelling it cautiously 2

3 - Looked and went to investigate 3

4 - Sat and looked, but did not move toward the umbrella 4

5 - Showed little or no interest 5

6 - Ran away from the umbrella 6

WHAT DO THE SCORES MEAN?

The scores are interpreted as follows:

Mostly 1’s

Strong desire to be pack leader and is not shy about bucking for a promotion
Has a predisposition to be aggressive to people and other dogs and will bite
Should only be placed into a very experienced home where the dog will be trained and worked on a regular basis
NOTE: Stay away from the puppy with a lot of 1’s or 2’s. It has lots of leadership aspirations and may be difficult to manage. This puppy needs an experienced home. Not good with children.

Mostly 2’s

Also has leadership aspirations
May be hard to manage and has the capacity to bite
Has lots of self-confidence
Should not be placed into an inexperienced home
Too unruly to be good with children and elderly people, or other animals
Needs strict schedule, loads of exercise and lots of training
Has the potential to be a great show dog with someone who understands dog behavior

Mostly 3’s

Can be a high-energy dog and may need lots of exercise
Good with people and other animals
Can be a bit of a handful to live with
Needs training, does very well at it and learns quickly
Great dog for second time owner.

Mostly 4’s

The kind of dog that makes the perfect pet
Best choice for the first time owner.
Rarely will buck for a promotion in the family
Easy to train, and rather quiet.
Good with elderly people, children, although may need protection from the children
Choose this pup, take it to obedience classes, and you’ll be the star, without having to do too much work!
NOTE: The puppy with mostly 3’s and 4’s can be quite a handful, but should be good with children and does well with training. Energy needs to be dispersed with plenty of exercise.

Mostly 5’s

Fearful, shy and needs special handling
Will run away at the slightest stress in its life
Strange people, strange places, different floor or ground surfaces may upset it
Often afraid of loud noises and terrified of thunder storms.
When you greet it upon your return, may submissively urinate.
Needs a very special home where the environment doesn’t change too much and where there are no children
Best for a quiet, elderly couple
If cornered and cannot get away, has a tendency to bite

Mostly 6’s

So independent that he doesn’t need you or other people
Doesn’t care if he is trained or not - he is his own person Unlikely to bond to you, since he doesn’t need you.
A great guard dog for gas stations!
Do not take this puppy and think you can change him into a lovable bundle - you can’t, so leave well enough alone
NOTE: Avoid the puppy with several 6’s. It is so independent it doesn’t need you or anyone. He is his own person and unlikely to bond to you.

INTERPRETING THE SCORES

Few puppies will test with all 2’s or all 3’s - there will be a mixture of scores.

For that first time, wonderfully easy to train, potentia star, look for a puppy that scores with mostly 4’s and 3’s. Don’t worry about the score on Touch Sensitivity - you can compensate for that with the right training equipment.

NOTE: It’s hard not to become emotional when picking a puppy - they are all so cute, soft and cuddly. Remind yourself that this dog is going to be with you for 8 to 16 years. Don’t hesitate to step back a little to contemplate your decision. Sleep on it and review it in the light of day.

Avoid the puppy with a score of 1 on the Restraint and Elevation tests. This puppy will be too much for the first time owner.

It’s a lot more fun to have a good dog, one that is easy to train, one you can live with and one you can be proud of, than one that is a constant struggle.

CHOOSING A BREEDER

Once you have done your research and you have decided which breed is most suited to your lifestyle and expectations, it is time to choose a breeder. You can meet breeders at dog shows, through the local newspaper, or popular dog Magazines, such as The American Kennel Club Gazette, Dog World, or Dog Fancy.

Here are some of the criteria you want to follow in selecting a breeder:

Choose an experienced breeder, one who has had several litters and who knows his breed.
Choose a breeder who has shown his dogs and has done some winning, which is a fairly good indication that his or her dogs conform to the standard of the breed and will grow up looking like the dogs you saw that attracted you to the breed in the first place.
Choose a breeder who is using our Puppy Aptitude Test. If he or she hasn’t heard of it, show it to them; avoid one that says “I don’t believe in it.”
Choose a breeder whose dogs are certified by the applicable registries against breed-related genetic disorders, such as eyes, hips, etc.
Choose a breeder where you can interact with adult dogs, and get some idea how long they live.
Choose a breeder where the dogs are well housed and everything is clean.

The majority of breeders today show a great willingness to have their puppies tested, and are interested in the results. It shows them the inherited behaviors of their breeding stock, valuable information for future breeding. The results make it easier for them to place the right puppy into the right home where people will be happy with them. After all, no breeder wants a puppy returned when it's 8 months old and may have been ruined by being improperly brought up.

Whatever you do, don’t try to pick a puppy by having the entire litter together - you will not be able to pick the right one for you. Always interact with a puppy individually, away from its litter mates.

GETTING A DOG FROM A SHELTER

Don’t overlook an Animal Shelter as a source for a good dog. Not all dogs wind up in a shelter because they are bad. After that cute puppy stage, when the dog grows up, it may become too much for its owner. Or, there has been a change in the owner’s circumstances forcing him or her into having to give up the dog.

Most of the time these dogs are house-trained and already have some training. If the dog has been properly socialized to people, it will be able to adapt to a new environment. Bonding may take a little longer, but once accomplished, results in a devoted companion.

While you can’t use the entire puppy test, there are some tests that will give you a good indication of what to look for.

Restraint
Try putting the dog into a down position with some food, and then gently rolling him over and see what happens. If the dog jumps up and runs away or tries to bite you, this is not the dog for you. Rather look for a dog that turns over readily, but squirms around a bit. Apply just enough pressure to keep the dog on its back; ease up if it struggles too much. Intermittent squirming is OK, constant squirming is not OK.
Social Dominance
Directly after the Restraint Test, if the dog didn’t struggle too much and if you think it’s safe, try sitting the dog and just stroking him, getting your face relatively close to him talking to him softly, to see if he licks you and forgives you for the upside down experience. A dog that wants to get away from you is not a good candidate.
Retrieving
Crumple up a small piece of paper and show it to the dog. Have him on your left side with your arm around him and throw the paper with your right hand about six feet, encouraging the dog to get it and bring it back. You are looking for a dog that brings the paper back to you.

Guide dog trainers have the greatest faith in this test. A dog that retrieves nearly always works out to be a Guide Dog because it indicates a willingness to work for the owner. Other organizations that use dogs from a shelter, such as those who use dogs to sniff out contraband or drugs, and police departments, place almost sole reliance on this test. They know that if a dog brings back the object, they can train him to do almost anything.

Wherever you get your dog, use the tests that you can do and act accordingly. By the way, it’s not too late to use some of the tests with the dog you already have. It just might explain some of your dog’s behaviors.

THE LEAST YOU NEED TO KNOW

There are many breeds to choose from and if there is a secret in getting that “perfect puppy”, it is doing your homework.
A good place to start is “The Complete Dog Book” by the American Kennel Club, which describes in detail the different breeds recognized by that registry.
Carefully consider the time you have available for the necessary up-keep and exercise the dog requires.
Don’t get a dog on impulse!
Use the Volhard Puppy Aptitude Test in selecting your dog, whether a puppy or an older dog.

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